Sociology of management, city sociology, sociological researches, applied sociology
-
sociology
Sociology is the study of social behaviour or society, including its origins, development, organization, networks, and institutions. It is a social science that uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about social order, disorder, and change. Many sociologists aim to conduct research that may be applied directly to social policy and welfare, while others focus primarily on refining the theoretical understanding of social processes. Subject matter ranges from the micro-sociology level of individual agency and interaction to the macro level of systems and the social structure.
The traditional focuses of sociology include social stratification, social class, social mobility, religion, secularization, law, sexuality and deviance. As all spheres of human activity are affected by the interplay between social structure and individual agency, sociology has gradually expanded its focus to further subjects, such as health, medical, military and penal institutions, the Internet, education, social capital and the role of social activity in the development of scientific knowledge.
The range of social scientific methods has also expanded. Social researchers draw upon a variety of qualitative and quantitative techniques. The linguistic and cultural turns of the mid-twentieth century led to increasingly interpretative, hermeneutic, and philosophic approaches towards the analysis of society. Conversely, the end of the 1990s and the beginning of 2000s have seen the rise of new analytically, mathematically and computationally rigorous techniques, such as agent-based modelling and social network analysis.
Social research informs politicians and policy makers, educators, planners, legislators, administrators, developers, business magnates, managers, social workers, non-governmental organizations, non-profit organizations, and people interested in resolving social issues in general. There is often a great deal of crossover between social research, market research, and other statistical fields.
-
Sociology of management
1. The branch of sociological science studying mechanisms of social management and administrative processes in big and small social systems taking into account sociocultural and social and economic characteristics of data of systems (society, the organizations). Sociology of management - the sphere of scientific sociological researches comprising research of social mechanisms and ways of administrative impact on society, its certain spheres (economic, social, political, spiritual), social groups and the organizations, on consciousness and behavior of people. 2. Scientific specialty on which training of scientists is carried out (candidates and doctors of sociological sciences).
In a problem field of sociology of management concepts of administrative process as special type of the social interaction possessing steady and regular forms are developed.
Sociological prospects of research of the subject and object relations in management process are defined by studying, on the one hand, of institutes of management (mechanisms of selection and preparation of the personnel; specializations in division of roles and functions; hierarchies of status positions, mechanisms of control and an assessment of behavior of the personnel, etc.), and with another ; social results of the made administrative decisions (an assessment of efficiency and quality of management, the interpersonal relations in management processes, valuable orientations, motivation and extent of participation of individuals in management, etc.).
-
politology
Political science is a social science discipline that deals with systems of government, and the analysis of political activities, political thoughts and political behaviour. It deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics which is commonly thought of as determining of the distribution of power and resources. Political scientists "see themselves engaged in revealing the relationships underlying political events and conditions, and from these revelations they attempt to construct general principles about the way the world of politics works."
Political science comprises numerous subfields, including comparative politics, political economy, international relations, political theory, public administration, public policy and political methodology. Furthermore, political science is related to, and draws upon, the fields of economics, law, sociology, history, philosophy, geography, psychology, and anthropology. As a social science, contemporary political science started to take shape in the latter half of the 19th century when it began to separate itself from political philosophy which traces its roots back to the works of Aristotle, Plato, and Chanakya which were written nearly 2,500 years ago.
Comparative politics is the science of comparison and teaching of different types of constitutions, political actors, legislature and associated fields, all of them from an intrastate perspective. International relations deals with the interaction between nation-states as well as intergovernmental and transnational organizations. Political theory is more concerned with contributions of various classical and contemporary thinkers and philosophers.
Political science is methodologically diverse and appropriates many methods originating in social research. Approaches include positivism, interpretivism, rational choice theory, behaviouralism, structuralism, post-structuralism, realism, institutionalism, and pluralism. Political science, as one of the social sciences, uses methods and techniques that relate to the kinds of inquiries sought: primary sources such as historical documents and official records, secondary sources such as scholarly journal articles, survey research, statistical analysis, case studies, experimental research and model building.
